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Fourth estate, a term commonly applied to the public press. It is an extension of the use of ¡§estate ¡¨ to signify the three traditional social orders of feudal society-the lords spiritual, lords temporal, and commons-and formerly was applied to other groups, such as the army and the mob, until journalists claimed the title.

Encyclopedia Americana                  

»P°¨°ê©ú¦Ñ®v¦b¤E«}À\ÆU¤@®u¸Ü¡A¨Ï§Ú¹ï¸g±`³Q¥~¬É´©¤Þ¥Î¨Ó§Î®e¶Ç´Cªº¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v¤@µü¦³§ó²`¨èªº¤Ï«ä¡AÁöµM¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v¨Ã¥¼¦b¾Ç³N¬ÉÀò¼sªxªÖ©w¤Î»{¦P¡A¦ý°ò©ó¡u¬ù©w«U¦¨¡v¡]en:de facto¡^ªº­ì«h¡A¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v¦bªÀ·|¦U¶¥¼hªº»{ª¾¤w´X¥G»P¶Ç´C¹º¤Wµ¥¸¹¡A¦¨¬°ºÊ¹îªÀ·|¡A¦P®É²Õ¦¨²{¥N¤Æ¡]©Î«á²{¥N¡^ªÀ·|¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó­«­n¤¸¯À¡C

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¤@¯ë¤H¹ï²Ä¥|Åvªº»{ª¾¤j¦h»{¬°»P¤TÅv¤À¥ß¡]Trias Politica¡^¡ß¡u¦æ¬F¡D¥ßªk¡B¥qªk¡v¦³Ãö¡CµL¥i§_»{¡A¦b¤j³¡¤À¥Á¥D¤ÎÁ¿¨D¤TÅv¤À¥ßºÞªvªº¨î«×¤U¡A¡u¤TÅv¡v¹ï¬F©²½T¥ßºÞªv¤Î¦æ¨ÏÅv¤Oµ´¹ï¦³ªø¤[¤Î¨ã©µ¦ù©Êªº¼vÅT¡C¬Û¤ñ¤§¤U¡A¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v¥Ñ©ó©Ê½è¨Ã¤£ÁõÄÝ©ó¥ô¦ó¬F©²¾÷Ãö¡A¥ç¤£¨ü«e­z¡u¤TÅv¡v¥ô¦ó¤@¤è©Ò²ÎÁҩΨî¬ù¡A¥u³z¹L¡u¶Ç²Î¡v[1]¶Ç´C ¥H¿W¥ß¤è¦¡³z¹L¦V¨ü²³¶Ç¼½¸ê°T»P´¦ÅSªÀ·|³±·t­±¶i¦Óµo´§¨ä¹ïªÀ·|ªº¼vÅT¤O»PºÊ·þ¬F©²¬I¬F¡A¨Ã¬°¤½²³¦æ¨Ï¤Î³]©w¸Ü»yÅv¡C©Ò¥H¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡vªº½T¥ß¬O²{¥NªÀ·|µo®i¨B¥ï½Õ¾ã¤Î§@¬°¤@ºØ¡u§ï­²¡v¤Î¡u±À«e¡vªÀ·|µo®iªº­«­n·½°Ê¤O¡C

°l¥»·¹·½¡A¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v·§©À·½©ó¦è¤è¡C¬ã¨s¶Ç´Cµo®i»P¶Ç¼½²z½×¯ß¯Þªº¾ÇªÌ¸g±`§â¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v»P¦­¦~¦è¤èªÀ·|´£­Òªº¡u°ê¥Áµ¥¯Å¡v(Estates of the realm)²V¬°¤@½Í¡C¡u°ê¥Áµ¥¯Å¡v³o­Ó·§©À³Ìªì·½©ó¤¤¥@¬ö±R©|¯«Åvªº¼Ú¬w½Ñ°ê¡A¥H·í®É¤´©^¦æ§g¥D¨îªºªk°ê¬°¨Ò¡A¤T­Ó¤£¦Pªº¡u°ê¥Áµ¥¯Å¡v¤À§O¬O¡G©v±Ð¯«Â¾¤H­û¡B¶Q±Ú»P¤Uij°|¥Nªí¥Á²³ªºÄ³­û¡A¦Ó¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v«K¬O¦b¡u¤TÅv¡v¥H¥~¡A¹ïªÀ·|¦³¼vÅT¤Oªº²Ä¥|¶¥¼h¡C

­Y³æ¯Â¿Å¶q¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v·§©À°_·½¡A¬Û«H³Ì¦­À³·½©ó¬y¦æ¤p»¡§@ªÌJeffery Archer [2]¡A¦bµÛ§@¤¤´£¨ì­^°ê¦L¨ê´CÅ骺µo®i¬G¨Æ¡C¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¾Ú°O¸ü¡A­^°êµÛ¦W«O¦u¥D¸q«ä·Q®aEdmund Burke [3]¬Y¦¸¥X®u­^°ê¤Uij°|ÅG½×·|ij®É¡A«ü¦b³õ±Ä³Xªº³ø¬É¬O¡§The Fourth Estate¡¨[4] ¡C·íµM³o¥X³B¼ô¹ï¼ô¿ù¥¼¥²¦³©w½×¡A¦ý¦³¤@ÂI¤£¯à§_»{ªº¬O¡A¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v»PªÀ·|¦U¶¥¼hªºÃö«Y¡A¦Û18¥@¬ö«á´Á¡A¤w³vº¥¦b¼Ú¬w¦U°ê¶}©l¦¨§Î©M²£¥Í³sô¡C

¥t¤@­Ó»P¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v¦³Ãöªº¥X³B¦P¼Ë¬O·½©ó19¥@¬öThomas Carlyle¼¶¼gªº®Ñ¡ß¡mOn Heroes and Hero Worship (1841) ¡n¡A¦b®Ñ¤º¡AThomas Carlyle´£¨ì¡G

¡§British politician Edmund] Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all¡¨

³o¥X³B¥¿¦n¦LÃÒEdmund BurkeºÙ¶Ç´C¬°¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡vªº»¡ªk¡A¦¹«á¤@¥@¬ö¡A¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v·§©À³vº¥¦b¤TÅv¤À¥ßÅé¨î¥H¥~³Q¤Þ­z©M½T¥ß¡A¶¡±µ¬°¤G¤Q¥@¬öªì·s»D¤Î²{¥N¶Ç¼½²z½×±a¨Ó§ó°í¹ê©M¨¤¦â©w«¬ªº°ò¦¡C¦ý­nµo´§²Ä¥|ÅvºÊ¹î§@¥Î¤Î¥R¤À¹B¥Î·s»D¬É¹ï¬F©²¤Î²Îªv¶¥¼hªº¼vÅT¤O¡A·s»D¬É¥²¶·­n¦b§¹¥þ¿W¥ß¹B§@©M§K¨ü®ø®§¼f¬dªº±¡ªp¤U¹B§@¡A´«¥y¸ÜÁ¿¡A³oºØ¥Ù¬Þ«K­l¥Í¤F¥t¤@ijÃD¡ß²{¥N¶Ç¼½²z½×ªº²Õ¦¨©M·s»D¦Û¥Ñ¤§¶¡¥»¨­¥X²{©Î¦s¦b¬Æ»ò¤Àª[¡H³o¨Ç¤Àª[¡A¤S¦p¦ó¼vÅT¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡vªº»{¨ü©Ê¡H¥H¤UÅý§Ú­ÌÄ~Äò¦b¦¹½dÃ¥°Q½×¡C

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1789¦~ªk°ê¤j­²©R¡A¼Ú¬wªºµo®iÁöµM½wºC¡A¦ý¥Ñ©óºØºØ­ì¦]¡]¥]¬A¤H¤f¿±µÈ¡B¬ì§Þ­²·s»P°Ó¶T³W¼Ò¤£Â_©Ý®i¡^¡A¤H­Ì¹ï­õ¾Ç«ä·Q±q¥»½è¤Î«ä¦Ò¼h¦¸¨â¤è­±³vº¥²£¥ÍÅܤơA¥Ñ¥H©¹ªº·M¬N«Ê³¬¡A³vº¥¨«¦V±Ò»X¤Î«i©ó³Ð·s¡C¦b³o¬q®É¶¡¡A¼Ú¬w¥¿¦¡¶i¤J±Ò»X®É¥N(Age of Enlightenment¡^¡A·í®Éªº¬Fªv®a¡B«ä·Q®a¥H¦Ü¦]°Ó¶Tµo®i¦Ó²v¥ý´I°_¨Óªº¥ø·~®a¶}©l­«·s«ä¦Ò²{¦³ªÀ·|¨î«×ªº¬y¹ú¡A¦P®É¡A¨ü¤£Â_±À³¯¥X·sªº¦è¤è­õ¾Ç«ä·Q¼vÅT¡A¦Û14-16¥@¬ö¶}©l¡AµL½×©v±Ð¡BÃÀ³N(¤åÃÀ´_¿³®É¥N¡]Renaissance)­õ¾Ç¥H¦Ü¹ï¦Û§Ú·NÃѪº±´¯Á³£¦³ªø¨¬ªº¶i¨B¡C

¥t¤@¤è­±¡AÂ\²æ·¥Åv±±¨î¡A¥D­Ò¤H¤H¡u¥Í¦Ó¥­µ¥¡v¤Îª§¨ú¦Û¥Ñªº·§©À¡A¥ç¦b³o¬q®É¶¡¶}©lµÞªÞ¡C³Ì©úÅ㪺¨Ò¤l¬°­^°ê­õ¾Ç®aJohn Locke(¬ù¿«•¬¥§J)´£­ÒªºªÀ·|«´¬ù½×¡A¥D±i¬F©²¥u¦³¦b¨ú±o³Q²ÎªvªÌ¡]¤H¥Á¡^¦P·N¡A¨Ã¯à«O»Ù¤H¥Á¾Ö¦³¥Í©R¡B¦Û¥Ñ©M°]²£¦ÛµM¾Ö¦³Åv®É¡A¨ä²Îªv¤~¦³¥¿·í©Ê¡A¦p¯Ê¥F³oºØ±ÂÅv¡A¤H¥Á«K¦³Åv±À½¬F©²¡C

ÁöµMJohn Lockeªº²z½×»P¶Ç¼½­õ¾Ç¥¼¥²³s±o¤Wª½±µÃö«Y¡A¦ý¥Lªº¥D±i¹ï«á¨Ó¤G¦Ê¦~¼Ú¬w¥H¦Ü¬ü¬w¤j³°¬F§½µo®i±a¨Ó¨M©w©Êªº¼vÅT¡A¥L³Qµø¬°·í¥N¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸qªÌ¡A¹ïªk°ê¥ñº¸®õ(Voltaire)¤Î¿c±ô¡]Rousseau¡^ºc¦¨ÃöÁä¼vÅT¡AJohn Lockeªº²z½×¥ç¥Z¨£©ó¬ü°ê¶}°ê¿W¥ß«Å¨¥¡]United States Declaration of Independence¡^¤W¡A«á¨Ó³vº¥¦¨¬°¼vÅTªÀ·|¥D¬y«ä·Q»P¦Û¥Ñ·NÃѪº¤@¹ª·½°Ê¤O¡C

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¡u¤@­ÓÁn­µ¡B¤@´T¹Ï¹³¡B¤@¨Ç¤å¦r¡B©Î¬O¨ä¥L§Î¦¡ªº°T®§¡A±q¤H¥Xµo¡AÂǥѾ÷¾¹¤§§U©Î¬O¨ä¥L³q¹D¡A¥´¯}¤ßÆF»Ùê¨ì¹F¤H¡]¥Øªº¦a¡^¡F¥¦©l©ó¤H¡A²×©ó¤H¡C¡v

¦ý¦³­×Ū·s»D¤Î¶Ç¼½¾Ç¨tªº¦P¾Ç»P«eލ·s»D¤u§@ªÌ³£ª¾¹D¡A¥Ñ©óªÀ·|Àô¹Ò»P¤H¨Æ¦b²{¥NªÀ·|Åܱo·U¨Ó·U½ÆÂø¡A¦P®É¤£¤Ö¼vÅT·s»D¶Ç¼½µo®iªº¦]¯À³vº¥»P¤é­Ñ¼W¡]½Ñ¦pªÀ·|¾Ç¡B¤ß²z¾Ç¡B¬Fªv¾Ç¡B¸gÀپǵ¥¤@ª½»P·s»D¾Ç«O«ùµÛ¤¬°Êµo®iÃö«Y¡^¡AºØºØ­ì¦]²Ö¿n°_¨Ó¨Ïªñ¦~¶Ç¼½¬ã¨s©Ò¯A¤Îªº½d³ò·U¨Ó·U¼sÁï¡A¥[¤W¤¬Ápºô¤Î·s¿³ºôµ¸´CÅ骺µo®i¡A°T®§¶Ç¼½¬ð¯}¡u¶Ç²Î¡v¶Ç´C³æ¦Vލ©M¤£¨ü®É®Ä¼vÅTªº¶Ç¼½½d¦¡¡A¨Ïªñ¦~¤£¤Ö¬G¦³¶Ç¼½²z½×»Ý¦]®É¨î©y§@¥X½Õ¾ã¡A¦]À³·s¼Wªº²z½×©M¡u¸ü¨ã¡v©Ê½èªº¤£¦P¡A­l¥Í¤F¥þ·sªºµo®iÁÍ¶Õ ¡C

¤G¤Q¥@¬öªì´X­Ó¸ûµÛ¦Wªº¶Ç´C²z½×¨Ò¦p¡GHypodermic needle model [6] ¡]¤¤Ä¶¤l¼u²z½×¡^¡BTwo-step flow of communication [7] ¡]¨â¯Å¶Ç´C¡^»PSpiral of silence [8] ¡]¤¤Ä¶¨IÀqÁ³±Û¡^¤TªÌ¬Ò¬°¶Ç¼½²z½×µo®i¹Lµ{¤¤´X­Ó­«­n¨½µ{¸O¡A¦ýµo®i¦Ü¤µ¡A¤@¦p«e­z¡AÀHµÛ¶Ç¼½¡u¸ü¨ã¡v©Ê½èªºÂàÅÜ»Pº¯³z§ó¦h¸gÀ٤ΰӷ~¤¸¯À¼vÅT¤O¡A¶Ç´C²z½×¥»¨­¥ç»Ý¸gýf¡u·L½Õ¡v¡C

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¦è¤è¥D¬y·s»D¾Ç¤Î¶Ç´C²z½×¬ã¨sªÌ´¶¹M»{¬°¡A·s»D¦Û¥ÑÀ³¥]¬A¤Ñ½á¤HÅv½×¡BÆ[ÂI¥«³õ½×»P¥Á¥D«P¶i²z½×¡A³o¨Ç²z½×»P¶Ç¼½²z½×µo®i»P·s»D¦Û¥Ñ¦³¨º¤@ºØ¡u¦@¥Í¡vªºÃö«Y¡H

¦b¥xÆWªL¤l»ö±Ð±Â©ÒµÛªº¡m¨¥½×¦Û¥Ñ»P·s»D¦Û¥Ñ¡n¤@®Ñ¡]¥xÆW¤j¾Çªk¾ÇÂO®Ñ½s¿è©e­û·|½s¿è¡A¤ë¥¹¥Xª©¤½¥q¥Xª©¡^¤¤¡AªL¤l»ö±Ð±Â©ú½T¦a«ü¥X¡G¡u·s»D¦Û¥Ñ¬O¤@ºØ¡y¨î«×©Êªº°ò¥»Åv§Q¡z¡]an institutional right¡^¡C¡v¥Ñ¦¹¥i¨£¡A·s»D¦Û¥Ñ»P¶Ç¼½²z½×µo®i¤@ª½«O«ùµÛ¤@ºØ³s±aªºÃö«Y¡A¦]¬°¤j³¡¤À¨Ï¥Î¤TÅv¤À¥ßÅé¨îªº°ê®a¦b¾Ëªk¤W§¡·|µ¹¤©¤Î«O»Ù¤H¥Áªº¦æ°Ê©M¨¥½×¦Û¥Ñ¡A¥]¬A·s»D¦Û¥Ñ¡C¬G¦¹¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v¦bªÀ·|¨î«×¤U¤@ª½³Æ¨ü¦U¶¥¼h´L­«¡A¥ç¦³­â¾r¤@¤Áªº®ð¶Õ¡A¦ý¦³¤@ÂI»Ý­n¯d·N¡A«K¬O¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡vÀ³¬O¤@ºØ¡uÅv§Q¡v¦Ó«D¡uÅv¤O¡v¡A¹L¥÷ÀݥΡu²Ä¥|Åv¡v¥ç·|¨üªÀ·|¨ä¥L¤H¤hÄþ³d©M­I±ó¡C

¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v²z½×¥iµø§@°Ï¤À¡u·s»D¦Û¥Ñ¡v»P¡u¨¥½×¦Û¥Ñ¡vªº¤@ºØ²z½×¡A¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v¬°¶Ç´C´£¨Ñ¼u©Ê¤u§@ªÅ¶¡©M±j¤ß¤Y¡A¤è«K¶Ç´C³z¹L¹ê°È±Ä³X¤u§@¡Aª½±µºÊ·þ¬F©²¤Îµo´§¹ïªÀ·|ªº¼vÅT¤O¡A¦P®É±j¤Æ¶Ç´C¦bªº¥Á¥DªÀ·|¤¤ªº¦a¦ì©M­«­n©Ê¡C¦ý¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v¥ç«D¶Ç´Cªø´Á«ù¦³ªº¤@¹D¡u§K¦ºª÷µP¡v¡A­Y¶Ç´C¥»¨­¤£¯à«O«ù§¹¥þ¿W¥ß¡A¥H°Ó·~¥D¾É§Î¦¡¹B§@¡A¦³¬J©w¥ß³õ¡A­nµo´§¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡vÀ³¦³ªº¼vÅT¤O«K¬Û¹ï§xÃø¡C

¦P®É·s´CÅé¡B·s§Þ³N¡B§ó¦hªº¨ü²³ª½±µ°Ñ»P¡]¥]¬Aºô¤W³Õ«È¡B¯d¨¥ªO¡^»PCitizen journalism(¥Á¶¡³ø¹D·s»D¡^³vº¥¦¨¦æ¡A¥ç¬°·s»D¡u²Ä¥|Åv¡v¦b¥¼¨Óªºµo®i»X¤W¤@¼h³±¼v¡C

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The Encyclopedia Americana, Danbury, Conn: Grolier, 1981.

Carlyle, Thomas. Collected works of Thomas Carlyle : including Sartor Resartus,
¡@¡@¡@Heroes and Hero worship, and Characteristics. New York : Greystone Press, 19--.

Fontana, Biancamaria, ed. The Invention of the Modern Republic. Cambridge ; New York :
¡@¡@¡@Cambridge University Press, 1994.

ªL¤l»ö¡A¡m¨¥½×¦Û¥Ñ»P·s»D¦Û¥Ñ¡n¡A°ê¥ß»OÆW¤j¾Çªk¾ÇÂO®Ñ½s¿è©e­û·|½s¿è¡A»O¥_
¡@¡@¡@¥«¡G¤ë¥¹¥Xª©ªÀªÑ¥÷¦³­­¤½¥q¡A
1993¦~¡C

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[1] ¡u¶Ç²Î¶Ç´C¡v¦b³o¸Ìªº§t·Nªx«ü³ø¯È©Î¨ä¥L¦L¨ê´CÅé¡B¤j®ð¹qªi¹q¥x¤Î¹qµø¡C

[2] Jeffery Archer¡A­^°ê¤p»¡¤Îµu½g¬G¨Æ§@®a¡AµÛ¦³¡mThe Fourth Estate¡n¡C

[3] Edmund Burke¡]1729-1797¡^¡A­^°ê¤Q¤K¥@¬öµÛ¦W¬Fªv¤ÎªÀ·|¾Ç®a¡C

[4] ­ì¤å¬°'' Yonder sits the Fourth Estate, and they are more important than them all."

[5] ®}¨Î¤h¡A¥xÆWµÛ¦W¥»¤g¬ã¨s·s»D¤Î¤j²³¶Ç´C²z½×ªº¾ÇªÌ¡AµÛ§@¥]¬A¡m§N²´¬Ý´CÅé¥@¬É¡Ï¤p¤H´I´µÀݨo ¡n¡B¡m¤j²³¶Ç¼½²z½×¡n¡B¡m¸ê°TÃz¬µªº¸¨¹Ð¢w¤µ¤é¶Ç¼½»P¤å¤Æ°ÝÃD±´°Q¡n¡B¡m§N²´¬Ý´CÅé¥@¬É¡n¡B¡m¤j²³¶Ç¼½¤KÁ¿¡n

[6] ¸ÑÄÀ¸Ô¨£¡Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle_model

[7] ¸ÑÄÀ¸Ô¨£¡Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication

[8] ¸ÑÄÀ¸Ô¨£¡Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_of_silence


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